Key Escrowing: History and How it Affects You Essay -- Technology Encr

Key Escrowing: History and How it Affects You Keys and key escrowing are significant subjects in the realm of business today. In the event that they are significant in business for what reason would it be a good idea for you to be worried about them? This paper will cover what are private and open keys and key escrowing. It will talk about the advantages, disservices, issues of the past concerning these points, and why you ought to have an enthusiasm for them. Private and Public Keys Private keys are for the most part a relic of days gone by. They are basic and simple to have captured. The manner in which private keys work is this: a message is composed and encoded by the sender utilizing a key; next the beneficiary of the message is given the key alongside the message; they are then ready to unravel what was composed (Baase, 88). The issue with this is there is actually no compelling reason to encode the message. In the event that you need to give the way in to the recipient, why not simply give them the message not encoded? Open keys give considerably more security. In broad daylight key method, open and private keys are made. The open key is given to whoever might want to compose an encoded message. When the message is encoded and sent to the collector, they utilize their private key to disentangle the message. Just the private key can interpret. Not even the open key can decipher what it just encoded (Baase, 95). In the event that the encoded report fell into an inappropriate hands, that individual would have no chance to get of translating it. Just the individual having the private key can peruse the message. The legislature doesn't care for this on the grounds that criminal operations can be arranged or discussed through this technique without the administration having any information about it. That is the reason the administration thought of key e... ...does key escrowing intend to the regular individual? Above all else, data that you give to banks, protection organizations, medical clinics, and so forth is secret data that is scrambled when it is sent electronically. In the event that somebody gained a key that was not intended to, your data could be spread or sold. Your protection would be penetrated. This is likewise a simple route for the administration to store data on residents. On the off chance that they have keys to all scrambled reports, they would have the option to get to data whenever whether essential or not. Key escrowing is to secure the nation. Its primary expectation is to raise the degree of security. Fear mongers or hoodlums could be gotten before a genuine episode happened. Works Cited Baase, Sara. A Gift of Fire: Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues in Computing. Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. 1997.

Scenario Analysis Develop a training or college course Essay

Situation Analysis Develop a preparation or school course - Essay Example In our conversation, we will basically break down and present the effective strategy that can be utilized to prepare a staff of a given business association. Coaches ought to consistently move in the direction of progress and as contended by researchers, accomplishment of an instructor is achieved through acceptable execution and greatness of the understudies. Thusly, to accomplish your objective, consistently guarantee you arrive at the all class meeting the students’ desires. Perception has been made that a decent educator is the person who comprehends their understudies consequently concocting helpful and advantageous showing program without disregarding any sexual orientation, age and class. The instructor ought to fulfill the entire class in order to guarantee amazing outcomes. Putting together our contention with respect to the instance of the gathering of learners given in this paper, it is on the whole correct to comprehend the speculations worried with grown-up concentrates in order to settle on successful choice on the best way to handle the fluctuating gathering for good understanding. Age hypothesis clarifies the way that, people at various age are confronted with various issues. They are presented to different individual issues relying upon the time of life close by. Individuals at the grown-up time of life are seen to be progressively worried about their accomplishments throughout everyday life and estimation of their way of life. They seem, by all accounts, to be increasingly impervious to change and continually battling towards insurance of their great qualities. Grown-up bunch as indicated by age hypothesis is seen to have incredible sentiment of participation to their locale (International Conference on Green Communications and Networks, Yang and Ma, 2013). This makes them progressively impervious to any thought that appears to damage and exhausted their customary practices. Then again, stage hypothesis draws out the various stages that are experienced by a person as they grow up. These scholars contended that, information is never stale it is consistently in progress. They affirmed that as people move starting with one degree of life then onto the next their insight turns out to be to an ever increasing extent. Accordingly, grown-ups will consistently need to

Conflicting Viewpoints in ACT Science Strategies and Tips

Clashing Viewpoints in ACT Science Strategies and Tips SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Think about the Conflicting Viewpoints Passages as a discussion: at least two gatherings express their clashing beliefs.Sometimes they concur on one point yet differ on others.Conflicting Viewpoints Passages present this contention and anticipate that you should distinguish the Scientists’/Students’ convictions and the similitudes and additionally contrasts in convictions. There may be 1 Conflicting Viewpoints Passage on the ACT Science segment (out of 7 absolute entries). It can show up anytime all through ACT Science. To find out about different sorts of entries, look at our article on the 3 Types of ACT Science Passages. In this article, I will: Separate the configuration of the Conflicting Viewpoints Passages Address the two kinds of inquiries you will be posed in Conflicting Viewpoints Passages and give ACT Science practice inquiries to each sort: Understanding Viewpoints Questions Looking at Viewpoints Questions Talk about the ACT Science systems for assaulting these entries Organization of Conflicting Viewpoints Passages Review of the organization of Conflicting Viewpoints Passages Presentation Visual (if there is one) Researcher 1/Student 1 Researcher 2/Student 2 On the off chance that there are multiple Scientists/Students, their sections follow in sequentialorder. 7 Questions I will dive into more data on each part beneath: Presentation The presentation will fluctuate long from a short section to an extensive rundown. This is what a short presentation may resemble: taken from an ACT Science practice test This is what a long presentation may resemble: taken from an ACT Science practice test Regardless of the length, the prologue to the Conflicting Viewpoints Passage is consistently significant. Try not to overlook the presentation or forget about it as there is typically one inquiry that you can't reply without understanding it. Visual There may not be a visual in your Conflicting Viewpoints entry; just about portion of theConflicting Viewpoints Passages have a visual.The visual won't be a chart or table, but instead only a picture/outline of what is being talked about, for example, this one: taken from an ACT Science practice test The visual isn't typically important to respond to any inquiries, but instead it is only there to enable you to envision what is being talked about. For instance, thevisual above gives no information; it just shows the area of the core, chromosomes, and cytoplasm in the cell. Most of the inquiries will rather pose about: Researcher 1/2/3 or Student 1/2/3 This is the meat of the passage.This is the place the perspectives of every researcher/understudy are fleshed out.Pay close consideration as you read.The heft of the inquiries pose to you about this part.Also, don't get lost on the off chance that they camouflage perspectives as various speculations, for example, in this Conflicting Viewpoints Passage: Ensure you recognize the similitudes and contrasts of every individual or hypothesis. On the off chance that you are experiencing difficulty recognizing the perspective, I suggest taking a gander at the first and last sentence of every individual's small section. As a rule, the primary thought is explained there. In the model over, the primary sentences of Protein Hypothesis and DNA Hypothesis express the perspective. Understanding the perspectives completely will serve you best when you begin endeavoring questions: Clashing Viewpoints Passages Have 7 Questions There are consistently 7 inquiries, no more, no less.There are two kinds of ACT Science addresses utilized with Conflicting Viewpoints Passages that I will dive into straightaway: Understanding Viewpoints Questions Looking at Viewpoints Questions Since we have a diagram of what this kind of entry involves, we'll delve into the two sorts of inquiries that join this section: Understanding Viewpoints Questions: What They Are and How to Answer Them As I said over, the Scientist 1/2 bit will introduce every Scientist's perspective with the supporting focuses. These inquiries check to ensure you truly see each author's/theory’s perspective. Here are some model Understanding Viewpoints questions: What might Student 2 foresee to occur? Researcher 1 would in all probability concur with: Which explanation most concurs with the DNA Hypothesis? A.Genes are generally proteins B. DNA is found all through the core and cytoplasm C. Protein is discovered uniquely in the cell's core D.DNA is discovered distinctly in the cell's core We should endeavor some ACT Science practicequestions utilizing the Conflicting Viewpoints Passage above, remembering the: Rules for Answering These Questions: ACT Science Tip #1 - Make sure you are thinking about the correct purpose of view.If it gets some information about Scientist 1, ensure you are taking a gander at Scientist 1’s paragraph.The ACT will consistently have an answer decision with Scientist 2’s perspective, trusting that somebody will succumb to that mistaken answer. In the last inquiry above, you are gotten some information about DNA Hypothesis, so ensure you are taking a gander at DNA Hypothesis, not Protein Hypothesis. In the event that you unintentionally took a gander at Protein Hypothesis rather, you would have erroneously picked answer A. ACT Science Tip #2 - Some inquiries require rationale just as understanding the perspective, for example, the last inquiry above: Which of the accompanying would bolster the DNA Hypothesis? A. Qualities are for the most part proteinsB. DNA is found all through the core and cytoplasmC. Protein is discovered uniquely in the cell's nucleusD. DNA is discovered distinctly in the cell's core You have to comprehend the DNA Hypothesis with the goal that you can make sense of which of the appropriate response decisions would bolster it. On these which of the following... questions, procedure of end is your best weapon. Dispense with the appropriate response decisions that lone help Protein Hypothesis and that don't bolster DNA Hypothesis. In a perfect world, after the entirety of your disposing of, you will be left with oneanswer decision. Twofold watch that the appropriate response decision does to be sure help DNA Hypothesis. For the inquiry above, we can take out answer decision An in light of the fact that it bolsters Protein Hypothesis. We can take out answer decisions B and C since it straightforwardly repudiates what is expressed in the DNA Hypothesis. In the DNA Hypothesis, it says that DNA is found solely in the cell's core, so D is the right answer. ACT Science Tip #3 - Some inquiries are as simple as rehashing a fact.Some inquiries will pose to you to simply transfer realities you read in the entry, for example, As indicated by Protein Hypothesis, qualities are made uniquely of: This inquiry just expects you to return and take a gander at the Protein Hypothesis section. The Protein Hypothesis passage says that qualities are made distinctly of proteins, so that is the answer.Again, ensure you are taking a gander at the privilege section.These questions are simple, yet it is likewise simple to commit a thoughtless error on these inquiries. ACT Science Tip #4 - Ignore the legitimacy of the perspective. In some cases one perspective will be accurately bogus, and you will know it from your past science studies.Ignore it!You still need to comprehend the perspective and have the option to respond to inquiries concerning it. In the event that a perspective said that the Earth is the focal point of the Solar System and you were asked what best bolstered this perspective, you would need to pick an answer decision that upheld it, for example, â€Å"respected savant Aristotle showed this model.† Despite the fact that you realize the perspective is bogus, you should have the option to express the perspective and its supporting contentions. ACT Science Tip #5 - Your seeing needs to go past discussing each perspective particular from one another,which drives us to the next sort of inquiry: Looking at Viewpoints Questions: What They Are and How to Answer Them These inquiries pose to you to bring up the similitudes and contrasts between the creators. Here are some model ComparingViewpoints questions: Understudy 1 and 2 both concur that: Which of the accompanying would bolster understudy 1, however not understudy 2? DNA Hypothesis and Protein Hypothesis both concur that: A.DNA is less copious than proteins B. DNA is found all through the core and cytoplasm C. Protein is discovered uniquely in the cell's core D.Genes are made up just of DNA How about we endeavor some Comparing Viewpoints ACT Science practicequestions from a similar section remembering indistinguishable guidelines from previously: ACT Science Tip #1: Make sure you're thinking about the right perspective and noting the right question.This is particularly significant on the Conflicting Viewpoints addresses that solicit, Which of the accompanying would bolster Student 1, however not Student 2? You should circle or potentially underline the Student you are hoping to help, for this situation, Student 1. Put a X through the Student you are not hoping to help. For example, I have done beneath: This progression causes you focus on the right perspective. For these reality discovering questions, ensure you're perusing the right segment for the two perspectives. ACT Science Tip #3: Some inquiries basically pose to you to rehash the data expressed in both viewpoints.Let's assault this reality finding Conflicting Viewpoints question from the entry above: DNA Hypothesis and Protein Hypothesis both concur that: A.DNA is less copious than proteins B. DNA is found all through the core and cytoplasm C. Protein is discovered uniquely in the cell's core D.Genes are made up just of DNA Think about first, what is the inquiry posing to us? The inquiry pose to us to discover the explanation that both DNA and Protein Hypothesis would concur with. To do this, you have to utilize procedure of end. Start by taking a gander at An and work your way through the appropriate response decisions. Answer decision An is legitimately expressed in DNA Hypothesis and Protein Hypothesis makes reference to that protein makes up over half of the cell, so An appears to be a decent decision. Be that as it may, I will check the others just in ca

Newton Lab Report Sample

Newton Lab Report Paper Methods of investigation: All gatherings needed to finish two sorts of labs. The principal lab our gathering needed to finish was finished like so: utilizing a vehicle one needed to tie a bit of string around 80 centimeters long to a toy vehicle on an incline. This string was then feed one top of an overly frictionless wheel. The finish of the rope that had the end closest to the ground was tied off with a 0. Kilogram weight. The vehicle was then pulled back by a member until it arrived at 0. 8 meters and was given up. A subsequent member would then record the time it took for the vehicle to arrive at the finish of the incline. This was rehashed a couple of times. One would include 0. 5 kilogram weight to the vehicle and the time was then recorded along these lines. These occasions would be recorded into a table and would be utilized as crude information. The second piece of the lab was distinctive in that: a gathering needed to attach a little scope to furthest edge of the rope where the weight was found. Quickly following that scale, one would then tie a toy vehicle. After the toy vehicle another scale would be appended; in like manner another vehicle would follow. One understudy would then force the entire framework back before the back finish of the subsequent vehicle would contact the divider gave by the amp. We will compose a custom exposition test on Newton Lab Report explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Newton Lab Report explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Newton Lab Report explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Following that understudy would discharge the framework he and a subsequent understudy would peruse the scales. Basically, one understudy would need to peruse one scale and the other discharging would need to peruse one as well. These power readings would be recorded in a table and would be utilized as crude information as well. Sick. Rundown of information: Each gathering needed to decide the mass of every vehicle before starting every lab. Our gathering had discovered that both of our vehicles were 0. 261 kilograms. Furthermore, bunch needed to record the path times for the primary lab report like the accompanying.

Digital Marketing Plan of Tsingtao Beer free essay sample

Tsingtao Beer fabricated by Tsingtao Brewery Company Limited (hereinafter alluded to as Tsingtao Brewery ) which set up in 1903 by a German representative and a British specialist made a joint endeavor organization in Qingdao, which is the Chinas authentic lager maker. Tsingtao Brewery chooses of excellent barleys, wheat, rice, yeast and unadulterated water as crude materials to blend lager. Tsingtao Brewery (0168) was recorded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange at 15 July 1993, is the principal territory Chinese organization recorded abroad. Around the same time on 27 August, Tsingtao Brewery (600600) was additionally recorded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, turning into the primary Chinese double recorded organization. It was the official supporter of the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008. As of the finish of 2012, Tsingtao Brewery has 59 distilleries in 20 territories and urban areas in China. In 2012 the organization finished an aggregate of 790 million liters of brew for deals; organization accomplished working salary of 25. 782 billion RMB; owing to investors of recorded companies’ net benefit of 1. We will compose a custom article test on Advanced Marketing Plan of Tsingtao Beer or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 759 billion RMB, which is the most productive organization in the China’s lager blending industry. The present brand esteem is 80. 585 billion RMB, is positioning the first in Quite a while lager blending industry and granted as the universes top 500 brands. Barth Report, the most power report of the worldwide lager industry positioning as indicated by the creation sum, Tsingtao Brewery is the 6th biggest lager producer on the planet. Tsingtao Brewery’s lager items are sent out to the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Australia, South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Macao and other 80 nations and districts. Tsingtao Brewery’s vision is to turn into a universal predominant organization all around( ); and it crucial â€Å"with our energy to fermenting the consumers’ most loved lager to make satisfaction for the life. †( , ) Tsingtao Brewery is one of the primary brand enter the global market in China which delivering different kinds of lager items, there advertising system is joined with brand correspondence, consumers’ experience and items deals( : â€Å" †. ); it created income by selling items that is Business-to-Customer (B2C) that an exchange happens between an organization and a buyer, it might portray an organization that gives merchandise or administrations to the end-client shoppers. Its plan of action is Click-and-Mortar that incorporates both on the web and disconnected activities, which ordinarily incorporate a site and a physical store. A tick and-mortar organization can offer clients the advantages of quick online exchanges or customary eye to eye administration. Contenders Analysis Yanjing Beer (China) is local contender. Market Analysis PESTLE Analysis PESTLE investigation (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environment examination) depicts a structure of large scale natural variables utilized in the ecological filtering segment of vital administration. It is a piece of the outer examination when directing a key investigation or doing statistical surveying, and gives a diagram of the diverse large scale natural factors that the organization needs to mull over. It is a valuable key apparatus for understanding business sector development or decrease, business position, potential and heading for activities. (A) Political Factors From now and the following not many years, China and the world political circumstance is essentially steady. â€Å"Peace and Development† are the two fundamental topics of the contemporary world; it is additionally a typical conviction of individuals around the globe. China follows these contemporary subjects and builds up the exchange relations with different nations, as per the World Trade Organization (WTO) was built up in 1990. China’s levy obstructions are blurred, subsequently, unique outside brands go into China, there are roughly 40 remote brands of brew are enter and fabricate in China, which creation are 4. 3% of the local lager creation. Confronting the difficulties of outside brands of lager is an extraordinary effect on Chinas lager fermenting industry, nonetheless, it likewise have a few advantages that the decrease of import taxes has grow the decisions of remote excellent crude materials and outside high innovation supplies, e. g. buy the high innovation types of gear can improve the degree of blending, what's more, it additionally can lead China’s lager items into universal market. . (B) Economic Factors Monetary cycle is the refection of the financial from the procedure of expansionrecessionrecoveryboom; its upward and descending developments alongside the degrees of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and alludes to the time of extensions and withdrawals in the degree of financial exercises (business changes) around its drawn out development pattern. [2] According to the related measurements show that China is right now in the â€Å"expansion† phase of the monetary cycle, and from the Prediction Results of the Economic Growth in 2001-2020 directed the State Council Development Research Center, the China’s GDP development rate somewhere in the range of 2001 and 2010 is 7. 9%, along these lines, it can foresee that China has constantly steady and manageable monetary improvement in the up and coming years; as this explanation, China has an advancement potential in financial aspects, that infers the lager preparing industry will likewise has a solid advancement power. (C) Social Factors (1) Lifestyle change Beer previously showed up in old Egypt and Mesopotamia (Iraq), it is enhanced by Egypt and through North Africa, Eby, Leah promontory, France go into south of Germany, and the German expert fare the world over. After the Chinese society had change, from the impact of Western culture, the food culture had blended towards western, that lager had import into China, individuals from absolutely not perceive brew, and now become a drink that is crucial. (2) Effect of Growing Population According to the pattern of China developing populace, since mid 70s, China had authorized a â€Å"One-Child-Policy†, the birth rate has diminished altogether, be that as it may, the incredible verifiable legacy populace size is as yet extensive. As per the measurements, in 2000, China had 8. 16 million individuals matured 18-60, is 2. multiple times contrast and 1964, since 18-60 years of age individuals are the lager buyer bunches that implies the possibility of China’s lager blending industry is quite well. (D) Technological Factors Technology is the most impressive component that can changing human predetermination. The companys improvement is indistinguishable from innovation, if there are no innovation and item development, there is no business development and progress, and no business future. Tsingtao Brewery can go into the worldwide market, since they have innovation and item development. Nonetheless, base on the general execution of China’s residential bottling works, the innovation level is moderately low, model is moderately little, material utilization is moderately high, effectiveness is moderately low, utilize 8-40 cubic meters of water to create 1 tons of lager, in any case, other created nations simply utilize 5-10 cubic meters to deliver 1 tons of lager, that implies China’s distillery innovation level isn't experienced, along these lines, mechanical advancement, spare restricted assets, fortifying natural security is the lager preparing industry improvement patterns. (E) Legal Factors Law is playing a managing and improvement of assurance, oversight and confinement jobs in lager fermenting industry, as per the economy advancement of the general public, the business exchanges is progressively visit and the market condition is increasingly confused, therefore confronted different potential legitimate issues. In the event that the business procedure exists in the lawful issues can not be comprehended promptly, it will collected; when the issues is found, the endeavor will endure a huge misfortunes. The â€Å"Law of Food Safety will discharge by The State Administration of Quality Supervision at the fourth period of 2013, which urge the ventures to utilize cutting edge innovation to lead the quality check process. The State Administration of Quality Supervision has discovered the brew has surpassed formaldehyde at 2012. It mirrors the lager blending industry is disregard on the pertinent laws and guidelines; there will have a negative impact to the local brew fermenting industry. (F) Environmental Factors most of mechanical exercises may crush the common habitat unavoidably, be that as it may, starting now and into the foreseeable future, United Nations (UN) and the Governments around the globe have concentrated on the earth contamination, and discharge related law to stop the earth contamination. This is both a goal to ensure the Earths condition, and furthermore a way that agreeable conjunction among man and nature. By blending lager, it must need to release wastewater; right now, evaluation of brew fermenting mechanical wastewater quality is utilizing national release standard GB8978-1996 Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard, not determined independently for the brew preparing industry release norms, in any case, from 1 January 2006 on, Beer Brewing Industry Emission Standards had implemented as compulsory norm. To sum up the PESTLE investigation to Tsingtao Beer, political strength and political perspectives and lead are straightforwardly influent the whole monetary condition to have positive or negative impact, and at various phases of financial cycle and the degree of monetary advancement will influence the social culture and way of life. Economy gave assurance of the quality to innovation advancement, simultaneously, mechanical development can improve the economy. To include a few laws and guidelines likewise put more exertion on condition security to accomplish maintainable developme

Nerdy adventures on the West Coast

Nerdy adventures on the West Coast One of the things that I find most interesting about MIT, but hardest to document on my blog, is the sheer nerdiness of most everyday conversations. I cant tell you how often I find myself having in-depth and scientifically rigorous discussions about random topics and thinking oh man, I should totally blog this. Unfortunately, the topics are usually so ordinary that I often forget all about them before I get the chance to immortalize them on the internet. So, whats it like when 4 MIT students visit 2 MIT alums (including a former blogger) for a week on the west coast? Pretty much the same kind of nerdy conversations, only this time I have photographic documentation to jog my memory. So without further ado, I bring you the nerdy adventures of Laura, Rick, Adelaide and Mason.West Coast edition. Thankfully, a lot of the more famous things about San Francisco lend themselves really nicely to outbursts of nerdiness. Exhibit A: the cable cars. Do you know how cable cars work? One of the very first things we did on our trip was find out all about them at the Cable Car Museum. (Free admission! If youre ever looking for something to do in San Fran, look no further!) Basically there are heavy steel cables which run underground all along the entire route of the cable car. To move forward, the cars actually latch on to the cables and get pulled along for the ride (kind of like the lift you use when you go snowtubing). To stop, they just let go of the cable, and stop moving. Well the cable car museum is actually located at the central location through which all of the cables are routed. Translation: lots of heavy machinery. Adelaide and I (who are both mechanical engineering majors) were practically drooling. (Wow, am I pasty white or what???) Another one of the very first things we did in San Fran was visit In-N-Out Burger. This isnt exactly nerdy, but was nonetheless an important part of our west coast experience. The food was okay, but in all of our opinions a little overrated and not nearly as good as UBurger, the In-N-Out spinoff located near MITs campus. The In-N-Out place is on Fishermans Wharf, which is basically the super-touristy area. There are some neat things though, like this cool museum of old-timey mechanical scenes. You know, the sort of thing where you put in a quarter (well, or a nickel at the time) and there are some figures that move around or something. By far the best thing about this museum was the following sign tacked to the back door of the place. Throughout our travels around the city, we took a lot of public transportation. We noticed that the bus benches have this weird design- each bench is several individual seats which normally flip up unless you hold them down with your weight by sitting in them. (Theyre a lot like the seats in movie theaters, except without armrests in between them.) We couldnt figure out why this was. We discussed the possible rationale behind the design- maybe it used less material, or allowed them to stay relatively dry after rains because the water would slide off instead of pool in the middle. We finally decided that it was that it was made that way to discourage people from sleeping on them, but we couldnt see exactly how. I was skeptical that it would be that much more uncomfortable than sleeping on a regular bench (which isnt exactly comfy to begin with). Well, this was one of those things that can only be settled experimentally. Conclusion: it was not comfortable. I know it might look like Im smiling and enjoying myself in that picture, but really Im laughing because I cant figure out how to get up without falling off. Maybe it operates as a deterrent- you try sleeping on the bench once, but only once Of course, no trip to San Francisco would be complete without a walk across the Golden Gate Bridge. Adelaide 09, Mason 10, Sam 07, and me posing in front of the bridge. And no walk across the bridge would be complete without discussions of the design, the general concept of suspension bridges (you really can feel it move with the traffic), the importance of considering environmental factors (see: Tacoma Narrows), and the shape of the steel cables. (Did you know that uniform loading of a hyperbolic cosine stretches the curve into a simple parabola? This is one of those things I know, but do not understand, and could never explain.) Then we hiked around the rocky shore (Id never seen the Pacific Ocean before) around sunset. Mason is really into breakdancing. Extreme breakdancing, apparently. Im not Yan, but I can take pretty pictures sometimes We spent one day in nearby Oakland, where Ruth 07 works. While there, I had to snap a photo of the following: Again, not nerdy, but remember, I 3 Madrid. Sigh. Nostalgia. We also visited UCBerkeley and checked out their mechanical engineering building which, by the way, was awesome. It just had all the personality of a building designed by architects and taken over by mechanical engineers who rearranged it in their own personal way. Its just an awesome building withengineering spilling out all over the place. It was fantastic. Adelaide and I wandered around snapping pictures of the UCBerkeley equivalents of MIT classes. Hey look, theres a whiteboard filled with 2.003. Oh, thats the 2.002 room. Oh, check it out, 2.671! I even found their very own Formula SAE team. (Once upon a time, I was on MITs team.) Walking to the BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) stop, we saw something amazing across the street, and had to check it out. The Other Change of Hobbit: a science fiction and fantasy bookstore. Look at how excited we all are! We spent awhile browsing the shelves, discussing some of our favorites. Adelaide was looking for the V for Vendetta comic and didnt see it in their small graphic novel section, so she asked the clerk. No, we dont have it. Weve stopped stocking a lot of graphic novels now that comic book place opened up just next door. All of our ears pricked up. Comic book store? 20 feet away? How had we missed that? Well, now we had something to do for the next 30 minutes as well. Adelaide got her book, and I had to politely turn down a random customer who recommended something about elephants when I pondered aloud what to buy. (I ended up not buying anything. Ive only recently started reading comics so Im still not sure exactly what I like and dont like.) Well, wouldnt you know, two doors down from the comic book store was a Half-Price Books, where I was able to add a few new titles to my personal l ibrary- Eragon (which Ive wanted to read since forever and was on clearance for only $1), The Riddle-Master of Hed by Patricia McKillip (an author Ive been curious about for awhile), and Uglies by Scott Westerfeld. Yeah, its a book for 13-year-olds. I adore young adult fiction, and am not ashamed to admit it. (Except for Twilight. Dont even get me started on that drivel.) Later in the week we visited ATT park, which is also not nerdy but ohmygodIlovebaseball so I have to share some pictures. Look, its me, and Im STANDING ON A MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL FIELD. So cool. This might even be cooler than the cable car museum. Its hard to say, really. Rick and Adelaide hang out in the dugout. Nearly every single person on the tour stopped to take a photo of this sign, posted in the clubhouse. On our last day in town, Sam 07 took us to the concrete slides, a hidden secret of the Castro district. Its sort of crazy, but theres this tiny park with nothing in it but these huge slides made of concrete, built into the naturally steep landscape. Theyre actually incredibly intimidating. (Not going to lie: I was legitimately scared the first time.) I dont know who designed these things for children, but they were crazy. You have to go down them on pieces of scrap cardboard that people leave around the park to keep yourself from ruining your jeans. Im moving so fast its a blur. Or someone just took a lousy picture. Rick always obliges by making ridiculous faces whenever I snap photos of him. (This one was probably involuntary, though.) Adelaide and I enjoying our ride. Whatever, Im not an adult. The thing we immediately noticed about the slides was that the left slide appeared to go much faster than the right. We pondered this for awhile until we realized that even two people of relatively equal weight going down at the same time was not a useful experiment- because they were using slightly different pieces of cardboard. We quickly designed a series of tests to determine the true culprit behind the difference, taking into consideration the slides, the riders, and their cardboard. We tentatively concluded that the left slide was in fact slightly faster, but that varying the cardboard used had a greater effect on speed than switching slides. Of course, these were very rough experiments completed without real tools. We discussed how we could improve upon our experimental design, and concluded that we would need to blindfold the riders so they wouldnt alter their behavior based on which slide they were on and use simple light sensors to determine when a single ride started on st opped, to ensure that all trails included the same physical length by eliminating human error, reflex time, and bias. The conversation concluded with me saying the sentence, And thats how you design a double-blind research study. Then we brushed our hands together and went for some drinks at a nearby bar. (Actually. Those last 2 sentences were 100% true.) In other nerdy exploits, my friend Sarah 09 (who is majoring in CMS and looking to get a job in the gaming industry next year) has introduced me to the wonders of XBox Live. Ive always said I had a gamer somewhere inside, and I was just glad she hadnt come out yet because I knew once I started playing games Id never stop. I was totally right. Thankfully I still dont own any consoles more recent than N64 (which is at home, anyway) so I have to rely on Sarah for my gaming fix. But Ive still played way more hours of Halo in the past 3 weeks than could possibly be healthy. Im not all that great yet (it takes practice, ok?) but Im no longer an utter embarrassment. But Ill totally admit, my favorite part of playing online (where you can match up with gamers from all over the place to play larger games) is the reactions Sarah and I get when people realize that were female. As soon as any of us says something, we get, Hey wait, are you a girl? (followed by half a dozen friend requests). My u sual response to this is something along the lines of, What? Girls dont play Halo. I mean, is that even be allowed? This gaming has led to an even further increase in nerdiness. Sometimes I cant resist doing something stupid, then saying I did it for the lulz, and whenever and someone informs the team, Theres a guy in our base, I really cant stop myself from saying Is he killing all our dudes? On that note, this video is a year old, but I have to share. For an utterly epic YouTube experience, check out the utterly awesome Sauza 11 singing at the annual Conner 2 talent show. (Video courtesy of Snively. If you dont get all the jokes, dont worry, there are a handful of C2 inside jokes scattered around.) Enjoy.

A Comparative Study of Lean and Mass Production System Toyota and Ford - Free Essay Example

SUB: LEAN MANAGEMENT AND TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MAINTENANCE TERM PAPER TOPIC: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LEAN AND MASS PRODUCTION SYSTEM: TOYOTA AND FORD Date of Submission: 13th Sep’10 By GROUP-11 Yashraj D. Pawar -09258 Chaintanya Sharavanth C. 09211 Harshita M. 09217 Batch XVII VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT Bachupally, Hyderabad, A. P – 500072, India SUMMARY: This paper deals with the production systems of two major leaders in the automobile market. Mass production is briefly touched up on and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Lean production is the emerging trend, which talks about minimizing waste and increasing production. We have also thrown light on when to use lean and mass production in production process . Our study majorly concentrates on Ford Co. and Toyota Co. which follows mass and lean production systems respectively, a detailed study has been done on their production processes. Contents 1. OBJECTIVES4 2. MASS PRODUCTION5 . 1 USE OF ASSEMBLY LINES IN MASS PRODUCTION6 2. 2 WHEN TO GO FOR MASS PRODUCTION:6 2. 3 ADVANTAGES6 2. 4 DISADVANTAGES7 2. 5 HOW DID MASS PRODUCTION EVOLVE7 2. 6 THE LIMITS OF FORD’S SYSTEM9 3. LEAN PRODUCTION10 3. 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF LEAN PRODUCTION11 3. 2 BASIC ELEMENTS OF LEAN MANUFACTURING13 3. 3 BENEFITS OF LEAN PRODUCTION14 3. 4 SEVEN PRINCIPLES OF TOYOTA PRODUCTION SYSTEM (TPS)15 3. 5 THE FOCUS OF TOYOTA PRODUCTION SYSTEM16 3. 6 LEAN MANUFACTURING AT TOYOTA17 3. 7 FOCU S ON FLEXIBILITY19 4. COMPARISON BETWEEN MASS AND LEAN PRODUCTION20 5. Conclusion21 6. Bibilography21 1. OBJECTIVES ?To understand lean and mass production in detail. ?To understand Implications of lean and mass production in production process. ?To compare Ford and Toyota with respect to production processes. 2. MASS PRODUCTION Mass production (also called flow production, repetitive flow production, series production, or serial production) is the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines. The concepts of mass production are applied to various kinds of products, from fluids and particulates handled in bulk (such as food, fuel, chemicals, and mined minerals) to discrete solid parts (such as fasteners) to assemblies of such parts (such as household appliances and automobiles). Mass production of assemblies typically uses electric-motor-powered moving tracks or conveyor belts to move partially complete products to workers, who perform simple repetitive tasks Mass production of fluid and particulate matter typically involves pipes with pumps or augers to transfer partially complete product between vessels. Mass production is capital intensive and energy intensive, as it uses a high proportion of machinery and energy in relation to workers. It is also usually automated to the highest extent possible. With fewer labour costs and a faster rate of production, capital and energy are increased while total expenditure per unit of product is decreased. However, the machinery that is needed to set up a mass production line (such as robots and machine presses) is so expensive that there must be some assurance that the product is to be successful to attain profits. One of the descriptions of mass production is that the craftsmanship is in the workbench itself, not the training of the worker; for example, rather than having a skilled worker measure every dimension of each part of the product against the plans or the other parts as it is being formed, there are jigs and gauge blocks that are ready at hand to ensure that the part is made to fit this set-up. It has already been checked that the finished part will be to specifications to fit all the other finished parts and it will be made more quickly, with no time spent on finishing the parts to fit one another. This is the specialized capital required for mass production; each workbench is different and each set of tools at each workbench limited to those necessary to make one part. 2. 1 USE OF ASSEMBLY LINES IN MASS PRODUCTION Mass production systems are usually organized into assembly lines. The assemblies pass by on a conveyor, or if they are heavy, hung from an overhead monorail. In a factory for a complex product, rather than one assembly line, there may be many auxiliary assembly lines feeding sub-assemblies (i. e. car engines or seats) to a backbone main assembly line. A diagram of a typical mass-production factory looks more like the skeleton of a fish than a single line. 2. 2 WHEN TO GO FOR MASS PRODUCTION: It is generally agreed that mass production is justified only when production quantities are large and product variety small. The ideal situation for mass production would be when large volumes of one product are to be produced continuously for an extended period of time. Thus the rate of consumption of the product as compared to the rate of production decides whether continuous or batch production is called for. 2. ADVANTAGES †¢The economies of mass production come from several sources. The primary cause is a reduction of nonproductive effort of all types. In craft production, the craftsman must bustle about a shop, getting parts and assembling them. He must locate and use many tools many times for varying tasks. In mass production, each worker repeats one or a few related tasks that use the same tool to perform identical or near-identic al operations on a stream of products. The exact tool and parts are always at hand, having been moved down the assembly line consecutively. The worker spends little or no time retrieving and/or preparing materials and tools, and so the time taken to manufacture a product using mass production is shorter than when using traditional methods. †¢The probability of human error and variation is also reduced, as tasks are predominantly carried out by machinery. †¢A reduction in labor costs, as well as an increased rate of production, enables a company to produce a larger quantity of one product at a lower cost than using traditional, non-linear methods. †¢Little skill is usually required by operators at the production line, hence training simple, short and inexpensive. Less space is occupied by work in transit and for temporary storage. 2. 4 DISADVANTAGES †¢Mass production is inflexible because it is difficult to alter a design or production process after a production l ine is implemented. Also, all products produced on one production line will be identical or very similar, and introducing variety to satisfy individual tastes is not easy. However, some variety can be achieved by applying different finishes and decorations at the end of the production line if necessary. †¢A breakdown of one machine may lead to a complete stoppage of the line that follows the machine. Hence, maintenance and repair is a challenging job. †¢Supervision is general rather than specialized, as the supervisor of a line is looking after diverse machine on a line. †¢Generally, high investments are required owing to the specialised nature of the machines and their possible duplication in the line. 2. 5 HOW DID MASS PRODUCTION EVOLVE Mass production was popularized in the 1910s and 1920s by Henry Fords Ford Motor Company, which introduced electric motors to the then-well-known technique of chain or sequential production and, in the process, began a new era often called the second industrial revolution. Fords contribution to mass production was synthetic in nature, collating and improving upon existing methods of sequential production and applying electric power to them, resulting in extremely-high-throughput, continuous-flow mass production, making the Model T affordable and, as such, an instant hit. Although the Ford Motor Company brought mass production to new he ights, it was a synthesizer and extrapolator of ideas rather than being the first creator of mass production. Ships had been mass-produced using pre-manufactured parts and assembly lines in Venice several hundred years earlier. The Venice Arsenal apparently produced nearly one ship every day, in what was effectively the worlds first factory which, at its height, employed 16,000 people. Mass production in the publishing industry has been commonplace since Johannes Gutenbergs Bible was published using a printing press in the mid-1400s. During the Industrial Revolution simple mass production techniques were used at the Portsmouth Block Mills to manufacture ships pulley blocks for the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. These were also used in the manufacture of clocks and watches, and in the manufacture of small arms. During the American Civil War the Springfield Armory started to mass produce guns, using interchangeable parts on a large scale. The interchangeable part in manufacturing gun was strongly advocated by Eli Whitney. For this reason, the term Armory practice is occasionally used to refer to mass production. Soon after the war the American System of Watch Manufacturing showed that these techniques could be successfully applied even when very high precision was required. Later, in the 1890s, dollar watches traded off lower precision for much lower manufacturing costs. Taking a look back at the history of American manufacturing, the key features of mass production were the perfect interchangeability of parts in the goods produced, long production runs and large quantity of outputs that were homogeneous. These key features were developed out of the earlier non-mechanized factory system known as the American system. While the preceding American system of manufacturing relied on steam power, mass production factories were electrified and used sophisticated machinery. Adoption of these techniques coincided with the birth of the second industrial revolution in the US and its emergence as the dominant industrial superpower in the 20th century. Countries that were quick to follow in its wake (e. g. Germany and Japan) enjoyed high rates of growth. 2. 6 THE LIMITS OF FORD’S SYSTEM Perhaps surprisingly, hidden behind this oft-quoted comment about painting the car is the reason for the failure of Henry Ford to create full mass manufacturing in the car industry. The comment is more than fictional, for the paint on early car bodies took a very long time to dry and black was the fastest drying colour. Black paint had higher solids content and hence dried more quickly. Car bodies could take up to 40 days to paint and dry. The result was fields full of drying car bodies. Needless to say, Ford could not put up with this with his production volumes and he in fact bought most of his bodies from outside suppliers making them watch the paint dry instead. Ford could do this, because the core of the car was its chassis; a steel frame to which engine, gearbox, axles and wheels were attached. The body was added later or indeed after the production process, and its main function was keeping out the worst of the weather. In other words, Henry Ford industrialised all aspects of car production, except the body. In practice, drying time for paint was the main bottleneck in the mass production of cars and many manufacturers, including Ford, tried to address it. One method was to heat the bodies by baking them, but this also caused problems. At this time, car bodies were built around a wooden frame to which the metal panels were attached – hence Ford’s need for forests. When heated, these frames could catch fire with disastrous consequences. Yet, at the very time when the moving assembly line was being installed into the Highland Park factory in Detroit, Michigan to smooth the production of the Model T, an unknown engineer in Philadelphia was assiduously laying the foundations that would revolutionise car design and render the Model T obsolete. Edward Gowan Budd, along with his colleague Joe Ledwinka from Austria were messianic in their advocacy of sheet steel in engineering, a modern sophisticated material that with thought and careful design could replace the crude, heavy and brittle cast iron used in many instances. While he started small, working on components such as pressed steel pulleys, Budd came to believe there should not be a piece of wood â€Å"as big as a toothpick† in a car body. After securing a series of patents in metal pressing, fixtures to hold parts, and spot welding techniques Budd managed to convince the Dodge Brothers – who had recently left Ford Motor Company to set up their own business – to place an initial order for 5000 bodies in 1915. Their new car was well received and the following year Dodge Brothers were able to order 15,000 – Budd and Ledwinka were vindicated. The all-steel car body concept swept through the industry at a pace unrivalled for almost any technological innovation. In 1920, car bodies in the US were still 85% timber-framed; by 1926, 70% were steel; such was the success of Budd’s new technology. At the same time, paint technology was improved and adapted to suit the new system. Dupont lead much of this innovation in paint and their shareholding in General Motors ensured Ford’s main competitor got first choice. General Motors were the first to use synthetic paints and they offered these in a range of colours when Ford was still limited to black – the industry leapt into the era of styling and marketing. Henry Ford had thought that his Model T and the manufacturing system to produce it could not be improved upon. His obdurate refusal to change, the very determination and self-belief that laid the foundations for his success, almost brought his company to its knees. 3 . LEAN PRODUCTION Lean is about doing more with less: less time, inventory, space, labor, and money. Lean manufacturing is shorthand for a commitment to eliminating waste, simplifying procedures and speeding up production. The term was coined by James Womack and Daniel Jones to describe the Toyota Production System, widely recognized as the most efficient manufacturing system in the world. Lean production is an assembly-line manufacturing methodology developed originally for Toyota and the manufacturers’ of automobiles. It is also known as the Toyota Production System (TPS). The goal of lean production is described as to get the right things to the right place at the right time, the first time, while minimizing waste and being open to change. Taiichi Ohno, who is credited with developing the principles of lean production, discovered that in addition to eliminating waste or Muda (anything other than which adds value to the product or service), his methodology led to improved product flow and better quality. TPS evolved slowly over a span of 15 years. Initially known as JIT (Just In Time), it emphasized minimizing inventory and smoothing the flow of material so that it arrived just as it was needed or â€Å"just-in-time†. As the concept widened in scope, the term lean production became more prevalent. Now the terms are often used interchangeably. Just as mass production is recognized as the production system of the 20th century, Lean production is viewed as the production system of the 21st century. Five areas drive lean manufacturing/production: 1. Cost 2. Quality 3. Delivery 4. Safety 5. Morale 3. 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF LEAN PRODUCTION †¢Integrated single piece continuous workflow Close integration of the whole value chain from raw material to finished product through partnership oriented relations with suppliers and distributors. †¢Just-in-time processing: a part moves to a production operation, is processed immediately, and moves immediately to the next operation †¢Short order-to-ship cycles times; small ba tch production capability that is synchronized to shipping schedules †¢Production is based on orders rather than forecasts; production planning is driven by customer demand or pull and not to suit machine loading or inflexible work flows on the shop floor. Minimal inventories at each stage of the production process †¢Quick changeovers of machines and equipment allow different products to be produced with one-piece flow in small batches †¢Layout is based on product flow †¢Total quality control by active involvement by workers in trouble shooting and problem solving to improve quality and eliminate wastes. †¢Defect prevention rather than inspection and rework, by building quality in the process and implementing real time quality feedback procedures. †¢Team based work organizations with multi skilled operators empowered to make ecisions and improve operations with few indirect staff. During the 1980s, the set of practices summarized in the ten rules of lea n production were adopted by many manufacturing plants in the U. S. and Europe. The management style was tried out with varying degrees of success by service organizations, logistics organizations and supply chains. Since the demise of many dot. coms, there has been a renewed interest in the principles of lean production, particularly since the philosophy encourages the reduction of inventory. Dell Computers and Boeing Aircraft have embraced the philosophy of lean production with great success. The ten rules of lean production can be summarized: 1. Eliminate waste 2. Minimize inventory 3. Maximize flow 4. Pull production from customer demand 5. Meet customer requirements 6. Do it right the first time 7. Empower workers 8. Design for rapid changeover 9. Partner with suppliers 10. Create a culture of continuous improvement 3. 2 BASIC ELEMENTS OF LEAN MANUFACTURING 1. Flexible resources- It is recognized as the key element of lean production and includes multi-functional workers who perform more than one job and general purpose machines that perform several basic functions. 2. Cellular Layouts- There are Manufacturing Cells, comprised of dissimilar machines brought together to manufacture a family of parts. In this the Cycle time (time required for the worker to complete one pass through the operations assigned) is adjusted to meet Takt time (paces production to customer demand) by changing worker paths. 3. Pull system Material is pulled through the system when needed. It forces cooperation, and prevent over and underproduction. While push systems rely on a predetermined schedule, pull systems rely on customer requests. 4. Kanbans – It is a Card which indicates standard quantity of production. It is derived from two-bin inventory system and maintains the discipline of pull production. It authorizes production and movement of goods. Sample Kanban 5. Small Lots Require less space and capital investment and moves processes closer together and more dependent on each other. It Make quality problems easier to detect. 6. Quick Setups – This includes Internal setup (setup activities that can be performed only when a process is stopped) and External Setup (setup activities that can be performed in advance). 7. Uniform Production Level – This is maintained by smoothing the production requirements on the final assembly line, or smoothing the demand across the planning horizon. This helps in reducing variability, with more accurate forecasts. Mixed-model assembly steadies component production. 8. Quality at the source It includes visual control, that makes problems visible; Poka–yokes, that prevents defects from occurring; Jidoka, that gives authority to stop the production line if required, when any defect occurs; Andons, which are call lights that signal quality problems; Kaizen, which is a system for continuous improvement; and Under-capacity scheduling, that leaves time for planning, problem solving, and maintenance 9. Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) combines preventive maintenance, which is a system of periodic inspection and maintenance to keep machines operating, with total quality concepts. 0. Supplier networks – This deals with long-term supplier contracts, synchronized production, supplier certification, mixed loads and frequent deliveries, precise delivery schedules, standardized and sequenced delivery, and being in close proximity to the customer. 3. 3 BENEFITS OF LEAN PRODUCTION Establishment and mastering of a lean production system would allo w us to achieve the following benefits: †¢Waste reduction by 80% †¢Production cost reduction by 50% †¢Manufacturing cycle times decreased by 50% Labor reduction by 50% while maintaining or increasing throughput †¢Inventory reduction by 80% while increasing customer service levels †¢Capacity in current facilities increase by 50% †¢Higher quality †¢Higher profits †¢Higher system flexibility in reacting to changes in requirements improved †¢More strategic focus †¢Improved cash flow through increasing shipping and billing frequencies However, by continually focusing on waste reduction, there are truly no end to the benefits that can be achieved. 3. SEVEN PRINCIPLES OF TOYOTA PRODUCTION SYSTEM (TPS) 1. Reduced Setup Times: All setup practices are wasteful because they add no value and they tie up labor and equipment. By organizing procedures, using carts, and training workers to do their own setups, Toyota managed to slash setup times fro m months to hours and sometimes even minutes. 2. Small-Lot Production: Producing things in large batches results in huge setup costs, high capital cost of high-speed dedicated machinery, larger inventories, extended lead times, and larger defect costs. Because Toyota has found the way to make setups short and inexpensive, it became possible for them to economically produce a variety of things in small quantities. 3. Employee Involvement and Empowerment: Toyota organized their workers by forming teams and gave them the responsibility and training to do many specialized tasks. Teams are also given responsibility for housekeeping and minor equipment repair. Each team has a leader who also works as one of them on the line. 4. Quality at the Source: To eliminate product defects, they must be discovered and corrected as soon as possible. Since workers are at the best position to discover a defect and to immediately fix it, they are assigned this responsibility. If a defect cannot be readily fixed, any worker can halt the entire line by pulling a cord (called Jidoka). 5. Equipment Maintenance: Toyota operators are assigned primary responsibility for basic maintenance since they are in the best position to defect signs of malfunctions. Maintenance specialists diagnose and fix only complex problems, improve the performance of equipment, and train workers in maintenance. . Pull Production: To reduce inventory holding costs and lead times, Toyota developed the pull production method wherein the quantity of work performed at each stage of the process is dictated solely by demand for materials from the immediate next stage. The Kamban scheme coordinates the flow of small containers of materials between stages. This is where the term Just-in-Time (JIT) originated. 7. Supplier Involvement: Toyota treats its suppliers as partn ers, as integral elements of Toyota Production System (TPS). Suppliers are trained in ways to reduce setup times, inventories, defects, machine breakdowns etc. , and take responsibility to deliver their best possible parts. 3. 5 THE FOCUS OF TOYOTA PRODUCTION SYSTEM Real TPS is not just about â€Å"flow† or â€Å"pull production† or â€Å"cellular manufacturing† or load leveling. TPS in Toyota is primarily concerned with making a profit, and satisfying the customer with the highest possible quality at the lowest cost in the shortest lead-time, while developing the talents and skills of its workforce through rigorous improvement routines and problem solving disciplines. This stated aim is mixed in with the twin production principles of Just in Time (make and deliver the right part, in the right amount, at the right time), and Jidoka (build in quality at the process), as well as the notion of continuous improvement by standardization and elimination of waste in all operations to improve quality, cost, productivity, lead-time, safety, morale and other metrics as needed. Instead of devoting resources to planning, which would be required for future manufacturing, Toyota focused on reducing system response time so that the production system was capable of immediately changing and adapting to market demands. In effect, their automobiles became made-to-order. The principles of lean production enabled the company to deliver on demand, minimize inventory, maximize the use of multi-skilled employees, flatten the management structure, and focus resources where they were needed. Toyota pioneered the just-in-time manufacturing system, in which suppliers send parts daily or several times a day and are notified electronically when the assembly line is running out. 3. LEAN MANUFACTURING AT TOYOTA Toyota’s approach to automobile production, with its inherent quality controls, revolutionized the industry. Its â€Å"just-in-time† supply-chain concept has become a model for manufacturers around the world, and not just for automakers. The Toyota Production System (TPS) calls for the end product to be â€Å"pulled† through the system. This means the right parts reach the assembly line at the right place, just as they are needed, and with no excess. This approach represents a radical departure from conventional manufacturing systems, which require large inventories in order to â€Å"push† as much product as possible through production lines, regardless of actual demand. The idea of TPS, the contrary, is to produce only the products required in the precise quantities desired at a given point in time. There is a second approach to Lean Manufacturing, which is promoted by Toyota, in which the focus is upon improving the flow or smoothness of work (thereby steadily eliminating mura, unevenness) through the system and not upon waste reduction per se. Techniques to improve flow include production leveling, pull production (by means of kanban) and the Heijunka box While low inventory levels are a key outcome of the Toyota Production System, an important element of the philosophy behind its system is to work intelligently and eliminate waste so that inventory is no longer needed Toyota, through its lean production system, has been able to produce cars much more cheaply, and to a higher quality, than its US rivals. In 1998, it took Ford and GM 50% more hours to make a car than Toyota and the difference was so great that GM did not make a profit on any of its cars. In 2006, Toyota could build an average car with just 29 hours labor, while it took GM workers 33 hours. The list of organizations that have tried to ape the Toyota lean production method includes rivals GM and Ford, aerospace giants Boeing and even the NHS. Lean manufacturing allows Toyota to develop products quickly, reduce the time it takes to produce an end result and have zero to low levels of waste. Toyota can develop a new model of car in just 18 months, and in 2006 it took just 29 hours to build a Toyota from scratch. General Motors took 33 hours at best. A decade ago GM and Ford were taking 50 per cent longer to build their vehicles than Toyota, and the final product was famous for its unreliability, while Toyota are famous for the opposite. Toyotas business has taken off because its delivering faster and better quality, which is a result of its lean manufacturing practices. Although a mass manufacturer, Toyota has ditched the traditional way of mass manufacturing and instead produces cars as the customer wants, and they can have what they want when they need it. 3. 7 FOCUS ON FLEXIBILITY By basing production on demand rather than simply on capacity, Toyota manages to keep inventories, both of parts and of finished goods, to a strict minimum. But this is only one of the more obvious advantages of Toyota’s unconventional approach. By focusing on smaller production lots and producing only what customers require, and when they require it, Toyota has developed a flexibility and responsiveness that continues to set the standard for the industry. With its attention to continuous improvement (Kaizen), Toyota has attained die-changeover and machine-set times that are a fraction of its competitors. Thus its capacity for reacting quickly to new market trends makes TPS an ideal system in today’s rapidly changing global business environment. Just as important is ensuring quality control, and the delivery of reliable and dependable products to customers. If a problem arises at any stage of production, Toyota’s automatic error detection system, called â€Å"Jidoka†, flags the defect and enables line employees to take the necessary steps to resolve it on the spot – even if that means bringing production to a halt. By calling attention to the equipment when an error first occurs, the Toyota system makes it easier to identify the source of the problem and prevents defects from progressing to subsequent stages of production. Only a system as agile and quality-oriented as TPS could make such measures economically possible. This approach not only helps eliminate waste, which makes TPS more respectful of the environment, it also means that customers can rest assured that Toyota products will conform to the highest standards of quality, reliability and urability. Applying TPS principles, the Toyota staff carefully examined how production waste was created, and invented appropriate solutions to reduce, reuse or recycle all the ‘waste’ materials generated. This resulted in a 73% reduction of waste going to landfill between 2001 and 2005- Between 2001 and 2005- ?Total energy usage per car was reduced by 37% across all their European manufacturing plants. ?Water usage was reduced in Europe b y 34%. ?Packaging waste has been reduced through the full use of returnable or recyclable packaging. Volatile organic compound emissions per square meter of painted surface were reduced by 21%. 4. COMPARISON BETWEEN MASS AND LEAN PRODUCTION Mass productionLean production High quality-high costHigh quality-comparatively low cost Make what engineers want in large quantities at statistically accepted quality levelsMake what customer wants with zero defects, when they want it Leadership by executive flat and coercionLeadership by vision and broad participation Individually and military style bureaucracyTeam based operations and flat hierarchies Based on priceBased on long term relations Information poor management based on abstract reports generated by and for managersInformation rich management based on visual control systems maintained by all employees Culture of loyalty and obedience; sub culture of alienation and labor strifeHarmonious culture of involvement based on long term development of human resources Large scale machines, mass inventories, low skills, long production runs and functional layoutHuman scale machines, zero inventories, multiskilling, one piece flow and cell type layout Maintenance by maintenance specialistsEquipment managed by production, maintenance and engineering Model of the isolated genius, with the little input from customers and little respect for production realities Team based model, with high input from customers and concurrent development of product and process design. 5. Conclusion Lean production has truly changed the face of manufacturing and transformed the global economy. It is both a philosophy, and a collection of management methods and techniques. The main advantage of the system is derived from the integration of the techniques into focused, smooth-running management systems. Lean production is most effective in repetitive environments, but elements of lean can be applied to almost any operation, including service operations like, retailing, banking, health care etc. , as every system contains waste, i. e. something that does not provide value to your customer. Whether you are producing a product, processing a material, or providing a service, there are elements which are considered waste. The techniques for analyzing systems, identifying and reducing waste and focusing on the customer are applicable in any system, and in any industry, and hence proper adoption of leans advantages can prove to be a strategy for increased market share and market domination by combining lower costs and higher quality to create more value for the customer. Despite its obvious connection, mass production was not a corollary to the modern Industrial Revolution. Various mass production techniques had been practiced by ford and according to our study we have observed that lean production in automobile manufacturing will have good results like it minimizes cost of production and helps in reducing operating expenses 6. Bibilography †¢Ford, H. 1926. â€Å"Mass Production. † Encyclopedia Britannica, 13th ed. , Supplement Vol. 2: 821-823. †¢Hounshell, D. A. 1984. From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.